Environment & Ecology
World History
Basics of Environment & Ecology
- Definition of Environment – Biotic & Abiotic Components
- Ecology & Ecosystem – Structure, Functions, Components
- Energy Flow in Ecosystems – Food Chains, Food Webs, Ecological Pyramids
- Types of Ecosystems – Terrestrial (Forest, Grassland, Desert) & Aquatic (Freshwater, Marine)
- Ecological Niches & Succession
Biodiversity & Conservation
- Definition & Levels of Biodiversity – Genetic, Species, Ecosystem Diversity
- Hotspots of Biodiversity in India & World
- Endangered & Threatened Species – IUCN Red List, CITES,
- Wildlife Protection Act
- Conservation Strategies – In-Situ & Ex-Situ
- National Parks
- Wildlife Sanctuaries
- Biosphere Reserves
- Important Conservation Projects – Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Olive Ridley Turtles, Vulture Conservation
- Ramsar Sites
Climate Change & Global Environmental Issues
- Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming – Causes, Impact, Mitigation
- Climate Change & Extreme Weather Events
- International Climate Agreements – Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, IPCC Reports
- Carbon Trading & Carbon Sequestration
- Acid Rain, El Niño & La Niña
- Desertification & Land Degradation
Environmental Pollution
- Types of Pollution – Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Thermal, Light
- Air Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Plastic Pollution & Microplastics
- Solid Waste Management
- Policies & Regulations
Sustainable Development & Green Initiatives
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Green Economy & Circular Economy
- Ecotourism & Sustainable Agriculture
- Concepts of Carrying Capacity & Ecological Footprint
- Green Building & Energy Efficiency
Important International Organizations
- UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
- WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
- IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
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