Environment & Ecology

World History

Basics of Environment & Ecology
  • Definition of Environment – Biotic & Abiotic Components
  • Ecology & Ecosystem – Structure, Functions, Components
  • Energy Flow in Ecosystems – Food Chains, Food Webs, Ecological Pyramids
  • Types of Ecosystems – Terrestrial (Forest, Grassland, Desert) & Aquatic (Freshwater, Marine)
  • Ecological Niches & Succession
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Biodiversity & Conservation
  • Definition & Levels of Biodiversity – Genetic, Species, Ecosystem Diversity
  • Hotspots of Biodiversity in India & World
  • Endangered & Threatened Species – IUCN Red List, CITES,
  • Wildlife Protection Act
  • Conservation Strategies – In-Situ & Ex-Situ
  • National Parks
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries
  • Biosphere Reserves 
  • Important Conservation Projects – Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Olive Ridley Turtles, Vulture Conservation
  • Ramsar Sites
Climate Change & Global Environmental Issues
  • Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming – Causes, Impact, Mitigation
  • Climate Change & Extreme Weather Events
  • International Climate Agreements – Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, IPCC Reports
  • Carbon Trading & Carbon Sequestration
  • Acid Rain, El Niño & La Niña
  • Desertification & Land Degradation
Environmental Pollution
  • Types of Pollution – Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Thermal, Light
  • Air Pollution 
  • Water Pollution
  • Plastic Pollution & Microplastics
  • Solid Waste Management 
  • Policies & Regulations 
Sustainable Development & Green Initiatives
  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 
  • Green Economy & Circular Economy
  • Ecotourism & Sustainable Agriculture
  • Concepts of Carrying Capacity & Ecological Footprint
  • Green Building & Energy Efficiency
Important International Organizations
  • UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
  • WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
  • IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
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